Which activities are likely causes of acute back pain?

Acute back pain is commonly associated with activities that place excessive strain on the spine or its supporting structures. Engaging in heavy lifting can create significant stress on the back muscles, ligaments, and intervertebral discs, especially when proper lifting techniques are not utilized. Hyperflexion of the spine occurs when the spine bends forward excessively, which can lead to injuries such as muscle strains or even disc herniations. These movements disrupt the natural alignment and biomechanics of the spine, increasing the risk of acute pain.

In contrast, staying in bed for long periods can contribute to back pain but is more typically associated with chronic issues rather than acute pain. Activities such as swimming and light stretching are generally considered beneficial for back health and can actually help alleviate pain or prevent injury. Similarly, using ergonomic furniture is designed to promote better posture and reduce strain on the back, making it less likely to cause acute pain. Therefore, the activities listed in the correct answer are directly related to mechanisms that can trigger sudden and severe back pain.