Which systems should the nurse monitor to identify early signs of fat embolism in a client with a long bone fracture?

Monitoring the neurological and respiratory systems is crucial for identifying early signs of fat embolism, particularly following a long bone fracture. Fat embolism syndrome typically arises when fat globules enter the bloodstream, often following trauma or surgical procedures related to long bones.

In the early stages, respiratory symptoms can develop due to fat globules occluding pulmonary capillaries, leading to impaired gas exchange, hypoxemia, and respiratory distress. Patients may present with sudden onset of dyspnea, chest pain, or a decreased oxygen saturation level.

Neurological symptoms are also significant as fat globules can travel to cerebral circulation, potentially causing changes in consciousness, confusion, or focal neurological deficits. This is essential to recognize early, as it helps in the prompt management of fat embolism syndrome, which can rapidly worsen and lead to serious complications.

The other systems listed do not play a primary role in the early detection of fat embolism. For instance, while the cardiovascular system can be indirectly affected due to hypoxia and increased workload from pulmonary issues, it is not the first area to monitor for classic signs of fat embolism. The renal, gastrointestinal, integumentary, endocrine, and lymphatic systems may have implications in other contexts, but they are not